Team Building Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Building - Term Paper Example In this regard, there are team building exercises that have been proven to assist in conflict resolution in an organizational setting. The objective of this essay therefore, is to present and describe a team-building exercise for conflict resolution that could be applicable in an organizational atmosphere. Team-Building Exercise Usually, the sources of conflicts within groups are the incongruence of goals, interests, and lack of accurate perception of each member’s personalities and preferences. Conflict behavior could be manifested through overt (or covert) expressions of hostility between members of the group and deliberate interference with each other’s activities. Human behavior practitioners have identified a number of approaches to resolve conflicts within groups through group meetings, brainstorming, group dynamics and team-building exercises, and sensitivity training (Martires and Fule, 2004, pp.114 – 118). Group dynamics and team-building exercises are t echniques that enable group members to articulate their actual experiences, emote their feelings, sentiments and emotions on certain aspects, areas or problems with the aid of a facilitator. The process helps members get a clear understanding of the problem and gain insights into the situation. One example of team-building exercises that can be presented within an organizational setting is the Brown Bag Discussion (Destination Imagination, n.d., p. 6). The details that indicate the goals, materials, directions, and variations are as follows: Brown Bag Discussion â€Å"Goal: To have an opportunity to discuss group issues in a fair way Materials: Small pieces of paper, paper bag Directions: Have each person write down, on a small piece of paper, the topic that they think the group should discuss most. Have them fold the paper twice and deposit it in the bag. Shake the bag and take turns drawing out a topic, reading it and discussing it. Make sure that the person who wrote the topic i s satisfied with the discussion before you move on the next topic. Remind people to use "I "statements. Variations: Have the group write down questions to make it a an icebreaker, or write down different quotes and draw them out one at a time and talked about what they mean to the group† (Destination Imagination, n.d., p. 6) The exercise is simple to understand and to implement within the organizational setting and requires very minimal materials that are easy to procure. Further, as the directions indicate, the topic that the group could focus for the discussion could be the current conflict being experienced among group members. By doing so, with the assistance of a facilitator, the members would be illumined on the possible ways to resolve the conflict as heard from the insights and comments of each member. Also, to lighten up the discussion, the variation is a helpful technique that could provide an ice breaker for the discussion; rather than merely focusing on the serious ness of the conflict resolution topic. An ice breaker could be in the form of group activities that require actions, games, and even fun endeavors that would stimulate much needed respite from the formalities of the discussion. In the end, the facilitator should identify which among

College Education Essay Example for Free

College Education Essay What makes college education so important? College is not just a choice, its the beginning of a lifelong journey, one that will shape and determine future choices, decisions and purposes. College is going to help you determine a career that you want to pursue. It will help and guide you in the right direction but you have to be the one to put in the effort. But some may say college is a waste, and will not make their life any better. Some will ask what makes a good college, what do you look for and at. College is one of the most important aspects of succeeding in today’s world. College is much more than just a degree in college you also learn how to learn, perhaps one of the most important things you can get out of college. Once you understand how to gather information by reading books about a subject, determine what information is important and what is not, and how to put it all together, you can master any subject, often without even going to college. By the way, doing a few Google searches and gathering information off the web that may or may not be accurate is not doing research, though it is a useful way to get a quick explanation on what a subject is and is good to find out what material is good to read. According to Bridget who was the first of her sisters and brothers to graduate from The University of Toledo with a Masters in Accounting said college wasn’t a choice her parents said she had to go to college. Even though at the time she was attending college she didn’t think it was important and necessary, because back then it was easier to get a job without a college degree. But now she’s happy she went because now she has her dream job, and is making a lot of money. Now she has a life that she never knew would happen to her. She also has the skills she needs to help someone else reach their goals in life. When she first started college she didn’t know what she wanted to do and she didn’t take it seriously. She partied all the time, was late to all her classes and didn’t do most of her assignments, she barely managed to get all C’s in her classes. She didn’t really start to take college seriously until her third year in college. But once she started to pay attention more and was more focused, she knew she had to get her act together if she wanted to be something in life. And she also knew she went to the right college. What makes a great college and what are you looking for the college to have? Linda said she looked at their approach to teaching and their overall education experience. She also looked for the student-faculty ratio and average class size. (Is she going to get individualized attention in her classes or just be one in a crowd? Or do she want my professors to know her name? Are they accessible outside of class if she needed extra help on homework or projects. She also looked at their medical program. (What are their general ed requirements? Would she have to take classes in several disciplines? Is there a senior project requirement? Is there a first year seminar, academic boot camp class required for all freshmen? ). she also looked at how many credits needed and gpa she needed for her major, and also how many credits she needed to graduate. And how classes are structured (lecture, discussion-based, large lecture with small discussion groups, very hands-on, lots of group projects or papers.. etc). Do they have activities she like (including athletics that she might want to do)? Is the school diverse/ homogenous? How good is their financial aid and can she afford attending there? Are the dorms nice or shabby? Are you required to live in the dorms for 1-2 years or do most students commute from home? Do students get jobs right away after graduation? Does the school have a high dropout rate? Linda said those are some of the things she looked at when she made her choice to attend the University of Cincinnati. She glad she made her choice and would do it all over again. But some would think college is a waste of time. According to Mark he said the older I get, the less sure I am about this notion that a college education is essential for a good life. As far as important important for what? Making more money? Then I guess you could make the argument it is more important, however, some of the worlds richest and most successful men (Bill Gates, Larry Ellison, etc) drop out. Happiness? Actually the research shows that those who perform physical jobs, that typically dont require a college education, tend to be happier. Also, college will be no help for someone that is not prepared for it. Should a woefully underprepared student get accepted to a school. Take out several thousands in loans and somehow manage to just barely graduate, she/he would be much worse of than if she/he had never gone to college as they are not going to get a job ahead of the sea of infinitely more qualified applicants and have to resort to unskilled labor. Had said person gone to a trade school, would have been much better off. Despite these views on college education you are the one who has a choice to make. Do you want to go to college or do you think college is just not for you. That’s on you, you are the one who has to live with it no one else

Reggae As Social Change:The Spread of Rastafarianism :: essays papers

Reggae As Social Change:The Spread of Rastafarianism Throughout its existence, Jamaica has experienced numerous revolutions, riots, and various forms of social unrest. From early resistance by escaped slaves to all-out fighting to end slavery altogether, not to mention riots in past years, Jamaica has been in a constant state of resistance. All these efforts to make a change have created a Jamaican religion called Rastafarianism, and with it comes a very powerful means of transporting its message: reggae music. These two forms of expression formed in the context of oppression, and in doing so they have contributed greatly to the ideologies, attitudes, beliefs, and actions of the people on the island. Rastafarianism is a religion based on social change, and reggae is the means of spreading these beliefs. For a new movement to effectively change the system that is in place, it must realize several goals. The movement must have a clear ideology that is supported by the general populace. The ideology of the Rastafarians has been put forth by leaders, such as Marcus Garvey, Leonard Howell, and Sam Brown. The movement must then succeed in organizing people to gather together in order to support the necessary changes. At this stage, there is most likely going to be resistance from the existing forces that want to maintain the status quo. Finally it is necessary to get people from other areas to support the cause. Only then is change possible. The message of Rastafarianism has been spread worldwide by reggae artists like Bob Marley, Burning Spear, Peter Tosh, and many others. In Jamaica, Rastafarianism emerged as a native religion which addressed issues that affected the majority of the black population."It (black religion) has been equally concerned with the yearning of a despised and subjugated people for freedom -- freedom from the religious, economic, social, and political domination that whites have exercised over blacks since the beginning of the African slave trade."(1) Early leaders, like Marcus Garvey, stressed the importance of repatriation to Africa, and along with that idea, the importance of beating the slave mentality. Garvey wanted to resocialize the black man so he believed himself to be the equal of the white man, and that he could accomplish anything he wanted."Up you mighty race, you can accomplish what you will."(2) Marcus Mosiah Garvey was born in the parish of St. Ann, in 1887. Garvey became a prominent leader in the fight for equality.

Barack Obama State of the Union Critique

President Barack Obama State of the Union Address Critique The leader of the free world, President Barack Obama, addressed Congress and the fellow citizens of the United States of America on the current State of the Union. The President enlightened America on multiple issues concerning the economy, education, jobs, foreign affairs and more. The speech given on the night of January 27th 2010 attracted over 48 million television viewers. Strong attitudes and opinions were exemplified immediately following the completion of his address. A poll administered by CBS News illustrates that 65% of the (3,968) respondents feel as if the President has accomplished far less than what they expected within his first year in office. Another poll taken by CBS suggests that 47% of (3,571) respondents feel that the biggest blunder under the Obama administration is the lack of focus on creating jobs and unemployment. These statistics are of severe importance to the American people and it is for this very reason that I address this particular issue within this assignment. As a current senior at the collegiate level, career opportunities and job security becomes more of a significant issue as graduation approaches at a rapid pace. Currently, the traditional thought of going to college and attaining a degree and doing well in school does not guarantee a safe-secure career. The direction that this country has been headed for the last decade has frightened many college students into thinking that, â€Å"If a college degree does not solidify a good job what will? † This issue increases the growth of concern for our nation. It did not take very long for the President to address the job dilemma that the country is facing. Within 15 minutes of his lecture, he noted that creating jobs is the focus for 2010. In concordance with the President, I also believe that jobs should be at the top of the agenda because in order to revamp the economy it is very essential to get the unemployment rate down. If the unemployment rate stays where it is or gets worse by increasing, Americans will continue to look for ways to cut back spending. Due to the lack of jobs being created and fear of job loss, we, the people, are currently on edge and have trouble deciding whether to invest or save. With the addition of new jobs, our faith will strengthen and confidence will grow within us to do both and that is what has to happen in order for the economy to regain legs and get the country running as it should. Later in his speech the President goes on to note that the engine of the American economy has been and will always be that of small businesses. In a valiant attempt to spur hiring, the president called for the elimination of capital gains taxes on small business investment and tax credits for new hiring and investments in new equipment. He also states that, â€Å"It’s time to finally slash the tax breaks for companies that ship our jobs overseas, and give those tax breaks to companies that create jobs right here in the United States of America. † With this plan, the President has called for an end for tax breaks for companies that ship our jobs overseas but to help fund tax cuts that reward companies for investing and creating jobs in the United States. Moreover, the President future supported his notion to create new jobs in America by mentioning that the government will invest $8 billion into a rapid train system which will start construction in Florida later this year. He states that this attempt to have the fastest most-reliable train system will format over 2 million additional jobs for Americans. In another attempt to decrease the unemployment rate he mentions that the United States will increase our exportation of goods to other countries around the world by doubling our number of exports now over the next five years. He continues by saying that to meet this goal, Congress will launch a National Export Initiative that will help farmers and small businesses increase their exports and expand their markets. This will allow other countries to opt for our homeland goods which mean that increasing the production of goods within the United States will create increases in revenue and job opportunities. The President also called on the Senate to pass a jobs bill that he can sign. Stating thatâ€Å"The House has passed a jobs bill†¦. As the first order of business this year, I urge the Senate to do the same, and I know they will. People are out of work. They are hurting. They need our help. And I want a jobs bill on my desk without delay. † The bold and difficult steps the President took to stabilize the financial system have reduced the cost of Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) by over $200 billion, providing additional resources for job creation and for deficit reduction. Within the ladder portion of 2009, the President outlined a package of targeted measures to help further stimulate private sector hiring, including measures to facilitate small business growth, green jobs and infrastructure. Urging for support of the Republicans, the President mandates that it is time for strong legislation to be passed on behalf of the Senate. Out of the major initiatives presented by President Barack Obama I think that there is not a major need for a rapid train system as of right now, I do believe that the ultimate good would be the creation of 2 million jobs because of it. Other than this minor rebuttal, I wholeheartedly agree with majority of the different ideas and concepts that the President proposed in reference to jobs during his the State of the Union Address. In addition, I also have full belief in the fact that this country will arise from economic corruption and return to being the nation of superior power and financial stability. Marcques D. Aghedo February 09, 2010 History & Theories of Leadership 201 Dr. Savage Morehouse College

Chinese Education System Essay

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January Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays

January Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays Many famous inventors, scientists, authors, and artists were born in January, and many patents, trademarks, and copyrights for inventions, products, films, and books were issued during this month throughout history. If you were born during the beginning of the year, in the first month of the Gregorian calendar, be sure to check out which famous figures share your January birthday or what inventions made their public debut on this day in history. Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights From the trademarking of Willy Wonka Candy to the release of Michael Jacksons Thriller song, many inventions and creations were patented, trademarked, and copyrighted in January throughout history. Find out which household items and famous inventions got their official start throughout the month. January 1 1982 -  Vladimir Zworykin, the Russian engineer who invented the cathode-ray tube, died. January 2 1975 - The U.S. Patent Office was renamed U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to incorporate its new function as a trademarking office. January 3 1967 - The patent for an apparatus for solar cooling and heating a house was given to Harry Thomason. January 4 1972 - Willy Wonkas trademark was registered. January 5 1965 - Home of the Whopper was trademark registered by Burger King. January 6 1925 - Agronomist George Washington Carver was granted patent Number 1,522,176 for cosmetics. January 7 1913 - Patent Number 1,049,667 was granted to William Burton for the manufacture of gasoline. January 8 1783 - Connecticut became the first state to pass a copyright statute, entitled Act for the Encouragement of Literature and Genius, which \was enacted with the help of Dr. Noah Webster. January 9 1906 -  Campbells soup was trademark registered. January 10 1893 - Thomas Laine patented the electric gas lighter. January 11 1955 - Lloyd Conover patented the antibiotic tetracycline. January 12 1895 - The Printing and Binding Act of 1895 prohibited the copyrighting of any Government publication. January 13 1930 -  Mickey Mouse cartoon first appeared in newspapers throughout the U.S. January 14 1890 - George Cooke received a patent for a gas burner. January 15 1861 - E.G. Otis was issued Patent Number 31,128 for improvement in hoisting apparatus (safety elevator). January 16 1984 - Jim Hensons copyright claim on Kermit, the Muppet was renewed. January 17 1882 - Leroy Firman received a patent for the telephone switchboard. January 18 1957 - Lerner and Lowes musical motion picture My Fair Lady was registered. January 19 1915 - Doublemint  Gum was trademark registered. January 20 1857 - William Kelly patented the blast furnace for manufacturing steel.1929 - The first outdoor feature-length talking motion picture was made, a film called In Old Arizona. January 21 1939 - Arlen and Harburgs song Over the Rainbow was copyrighted.1954 - The first atomic submarine was launched, the USS Nautilus, which was christened by First Lady Mamie Eisenhower. January 22 1895 - Lifebuoy soap was trademark registered.1931 - VARA (a Dutch company) began experimental television broadcasts from Diamantbeurs, Amsterdam. January 23 1849 - A patent was granted for an envelope-making machine.1943 - Casablanca the movie was copyrighted. January 24 1871 -  Charles Goodyear, Jr. patented the Goodyear Welt, a machine for sewing boots and shoes.1935 - The first canned beer, Krueger Cream Ale, was sold by the Kruger Brewing Company of Richmond, VA. January 25 1870 - Gustavus Dows patented a modern form of the soda fountain.1881 - Michael Brassill obtained a patent for a candlestick. January 26 1875 - The first electric dental drill was patented by George Green.1909 - Milk-Bone Brand was trademark registered. January 27 1880 - Patent Number 223,898 was granted to Thomas A. Edison  for an electric lamp for giving light by incandescence. January 28 1807 - Londons Pall Mall became the first street lit by gaslight.1873 - Patent Number 135,245 was obtained by French chemist Louis Pasteur for a process of brewing beer and ale. January 29 1895 -  Charles Steinmetz patented a system of distribution by alternating current (A/C power).1924 - Carl Taylor of Cleveland patented a machine that made ice cream cones. January 30 1487 - Bell chimes were invented.1883 - James Ritty and John Birch received a patent for the cash register. January 31 1851 - Gail Borden announced his invention of evaporated milk.1893 -  Coca-Cola  trademark for nutrient or tonic beverages registered.1983 -  Michael Jacksons Thriller ​was copyrighted. January Birthdays From Scottish scientist James G. Frazer to the inventor of the computer mouse Douglas Engelbart, many great scientists and creators were born in the month of January. Find out who shares your January birthday and how their lives accomplishments changed the world. January 1 1854 - James G. Frazer was a  Scottish scientist. January 2 1822 - Rudolph J. E. Clausius was a  German physicist who researched thermodynamics.1920 - Isaac Asimov  was a scientist who wrote I, Robot and the Foundation Trilogy. January 3 1928 - Frank Ross Anderson was the International Chess Master of 1954. January 4 1643 -  Isaac Newton  was a noted physicist, mathematician, and astronomer who invented a telescope and developed many theories.1797 - Wilhelm Beer was a  German astronomer who made the first Moon map.1809 -  Louis Braille  invented a reading system for the blind.1813 - Isaac Pitman was a British scientist who invented the stenographic shorthand.1872 - Edmund Rumpler was an Austrian auto and airplane builder.1940 - Brian Josephson was a  British physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1973. January 5 1855 -  King Camp Gillette  invented the safety razor.1859 - DeWitt B. Brace invented the spectrophotometer.1874 - Joseph Erlanger invented shock therapy and won the Nobel Prize in 1944.1900 - Dennis Gabor was a physicist who invented  holography. January 6 1745 -  Jacques and James Montgolfier  were twins who pioneered hot air ballooning. January 7 1539 - Sebastian de Covarrubias Horozco was a famed  Spanish lexicographer. January 8 1891 - Walter Bothe was a German subatomic particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1954.1923 - Joseph Weizenbaum was an artificial  intelligence pioneer.1942 - Stephen Hawking  is an English physicist first who revealed Black Holes and Baby Universes. January 9 1870 - Joseph B. Strauss was the civil engineer who built the  Golden Gate Bridge.1890 - Karel Capek was a  Czech  writer who wrote the play R U R and invented the name robot. January 10 1864 -  George Washington Carver  was a famed African-American agricultural chemist who is credited with inventing peanut butter.  1877 - Frederick Gardner Cottrell invented the  electrostatic  precipitator.1938 - Donald Knuth was an  American computer scientist who wrote The Art of Computer Programming. January 11 1895 - Laurens Hammond was an American who invented the Hammond organ.1906 - Albert Hofmann  was a  Swiss scientist who was the first to synthesize LSD. January 12 1899 - Paul H. Muller was a Swiss chemist who invented DDT and won  the Nobel Prize  in 1948.1903 - Igor V. Kurtshatov was the Russian nuclear physicist who built the first Russian nuclear bomb.1907 - Sergei Korolev was the lead spaceship designer for Russia during the Space Race.1935 - Amazing Kreskin was a noted mentalist and magician.1950 - Marilyn R. Smith was a noted microbiologist. January 13 1864 -   Wilhelm K. W. Wien was a  German  physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1911.1927 - Sydney Brenner was a South African biologist and the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner for his contributions to our understanding of the genetic code. January 14 1907 - Derek  Richter was a British chemist who wrote Aspects of Learning and Memory. January 15 1908 -  Edward Teller  co-invented the H-bomb and worked on the Manhattan Project.1963 - Bruce Schneier is an American  cryptographer who wrote many books on computer security and cryptography. January 16 1853 - Andre Michelin was the French industrialist who invented Michelin tires.1870 - Wilhelm Normann was a  German chemist who researched the hardening of oils.1932 - Dian Fossey was a noted zoologist who wrote Gorillas in the Mist. January 17 1857 - Eugene Augustin Lauste invented the first sound-on-film recording.1928 - Vidal Sassoon was an  English hair stylist who founded Vidal Sasson.1949 - Anita Borg is an  American computer scientist who  founded the Institute for Women and Technology and the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. January 18 1813 -  Joseph Glidden  invented useable barbed wire.1854 - Thomas Watson assisted in the invention of the  telephone.1856 - Daniel Hale Williams  was the surgeon who performed the first open-heart operation.1933 - Ray Dolby invented the Dolby noise limiting system. January 19 1736 - James Watt  was a Scottish engineer who invented  a steam engine.1813 -  Henry Bessemer  invented the Bessemer engine. January 20 1916 - Walter Bartley was a famed biochemist. January 21 1743 -  John Fitch  invented a steamboat.1815 - Horace Wells was a dentist who pioneered the use of medical  anesthesia.1908 - Bengt Stromgren was a  Swedish astrophysicist who studied gas clouds.1912 - Konrad Bloch was the German biochemist who researched cholesterol and won the Nobel Prize in 1964.1921 - Barney Clark was the first person to receive a permanent artificial heart. January 22 1909 - Lev D. Landau was the Russian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1962.1925 - Leslie Silver was a noted English paint manufacturer. January 23 1929 - John Polanyi was the Canadian chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1986. January 24 1880 - Elisabeth Achelis invented the World Calendar.1888 - Ernst Heinrich Heinkel was the  German inventor who built the first  rocket-powered  aircraft.1928 - Desmond Morris was an  English zoologist who researched  body language.1947 - Michio Kaku  is an American scientist who wrote Physics of the Impossible, Physics of the Future, and The Future of the Mind and hosted a number of science-based television programs. January 25 1627 - Robert Boyle is the Irish physicist who wrote Boyles Law of Ideal Gases.1900 - Theodosius Dobzhansky was a noted  geneticist  and the author of Mankind Evolving. January 26 1907 - Hans Selye was an  Austrian endocrinologist who demonstrated the existence of biological stress.1911 - Polykarp Kusch was an American nuclear physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1955. January 27 1834 - Dmitri Mendeleev was the chemist who invented the periodic table of the elements.1903 - John Eccles was a British physiologist and neurologist who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse. January 28 1706 - John Baskerville was the English printer who invented typeface.1855 -  William Seward Burroughs  invented  the adding machine.1884 - Lucien H dAzambuja was a  French astronomer discovered the chromosome of the sun1903 - Dame Kathleen Lonsdale was a noted crystallographer and the first woman member of the Royal Society.1922 - Robert W. Holley was an  American biochemist who researched RNA and won the Nobel Prize in 1968. January 29 1810 - Ernst E. Kummer was a  German mathematician who  trained German army officers in ballistics.1850 - Lawrence Hargrave invented the box kite.1901 - Allen B. DuMont invented an improved  cathode ray tube.1926 - Abdus Salam was a noted theoretical physicist. January 30 1899 - Max Theiler was the  English microbiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1951.1911 - Alexander George Ogston was a  biochemist  who  specialized in the thermodynamics of biological systems.1925 -  Douglas Engelbart  invented the computer mouse.1949 - Peter Agre is a noted American scientist and the director of the John Hopkins  Malaria Research Institute. January 31 1868 - Theodore William Richards was a chemist who researched atomic weights and won the Nobel Prize in 1914.1929 - Rudolf Mossbauer was the Germany physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1961.

Business Ethics Current Event Example

Business Ethics Current Event Example Business Ethics Current Event – Article Example Business Ethics Current Event Fraud’s Triangle of motivation communicates an unshareable need, which arises withinan individual’s life. It has been argued that this one of the areas of the Fraud’s triangle that an organization has least, if any, control over as well as being the most difficult to access and offer. This need can arise from a wide range of things from ordinary and common life issues to ones that are more nefarious. With increases in that need in an individual, the risk of the person acting in contrary to an organizations policies and code of ethics also increases. The problem with the motivation factor in the Fraud’s triangle results from the need perceived by employees as being unshareable. In recent times, such things as changes in finance terms can cause embarrassment and prevent an employee from sharing their hardships with their employers. There are varieties of things that can motivate people to violate ethics policies or commit fraud. Such include, a corporate controller taking part in an extra-marital affair, sales representatives being affected and infected with AIDS, sales person being addicted to heroin and a chief operating officer being blackmailed among others. Depending on the laws as well as policies within an organization, email and internet use could be monitored, which could bring issues that could affect a person’s motivation. Another way that motivation factors can be monitored is through those employees with supervisory responsibilities receiving training about the Fraud Triangle. This helps raise supervisory awareness for the commitment of fraud for an organization to address the problem. Consideration of the Fraud Triangle’s motivation factor is also important in helping an organization prioritize identified compliance risks. Work citedHanson, John. Incorporating the Fraud Triangle into Compliance Risk Assessments: The â€Å"Motivation† Factor. Retrieved on 21st April 2012 f rom corporatecomplianceinsights.com/incorporating-the-fraud-triangle-into-compliance-risk-assessments-the-motivation-factor/. Print.

The History of the Soda Fountain

The History of the Soda Fountain In the early 20th century and until the 1960s, it was common for small-town residents and big-city dwellers to enjoy carbonated beverages at local soda fountains and ice cream saloons. Often housed together with apothecaries, the ornate, baroque soda fountain counter served as a meeting place for people of all ages and became especially popular as a legal place to gather during Prohibition. By the 1920s, just about every apothecary had a soda fountain. Soda Fountain Manufacturers Some soda fountains back in the day were the Transcendent, which had miniature Greek statues on top of them and four spigots and a cupola topped with stars. Then there was the Puffer Commonwealth, which had more spigots and was more statuesque. The four most successful manufacturers of soda fountains - Tuft’s Arctic Soda Fountain, A.D. Puffer and Sons of Boston, John Matthews and Charles Lippincott - created  a monopoly of the soda fountain manufacturing business  by combining to form the American Soda Fountain Company in 1891. A Little History The term soda water was first coined in 1798, and in  1810 the first U.S. patent was issued for the mass manufacture of imitation mineral waters to inventors Simons and Rundell of Charleston, South Carolina. The soda fountain patent was first granted to Samuel Fahnestock in 1819. He had invented a  barrel-shaped with a pump and spigot to dispense  carbonated water, and the device was meant to be kept under a counter or hidden. In 1832 John Matthews  invented a design that would make artificially carbonating water more cost-effective. His machine - a metal-lined chamber where sulphuric acid and calcium carbonate were mixed to make carbon dioxide - artificially carbonated waters at a quantity that could be sold to drugstores or street vendors. Gustavus D.  Dows invented and operated the first marble soda fountain and ice shaver, which he patented in 1863. It was housed in a miniature cottage and was functional, and made of eye-pleasing white Italian marble, onyx and glistening brass with large mirrors. The New York Times wrote that Mr. Dows was the  first to create a fountain that looked like a Doric temple. James Tufts patented a soda fountain in 1883  that he called the Arctic Soda Apparatus. Tufts went on to become a huge soda fountain manufacturer and sold more soda fountains than all of his competitors combined. In 1903 a revolution in soda fountain design took place with the front-service fountain patented by Haeusser Heisinger. Soda Fountains Today The popularity of soda fountains collapsed in the 1970s  with the introduction of fast foods, commercial ice cream, bottled  soft drinks, and restaurants. Today, the  soda fountain is nothing other than a small,  self-serve soft drink dispenser. Old-fashioned soda fountain parlors within apothecaries - where druggists would serve syrup and chilled, carbonated soda water - are most likely found in museums nowadays.

Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Homework - Assignment Example It is true that post-money valuation is always higher than pre-money valuation because of a few reasons worth noting. First, post-money valuation, thus, denotes the status of a company after it has receive some funding. Second, the post-money state is equally a mark of capital injection within the organization something that is absent in pre-money valuation. It is imperative to note valuation is a financial concept that is predominant in venture capital and private equity to determine the prospects of financing or investment. It is true that any form of investment has risk especially for the early stage ventures unlike the late stage venture capital. This is because of limited financing and resources in the market to attract customers. Another hindrance for early stage ventures includes the utilization of capital in other stabilizing instead of expanding the business. In other words, the various stages such as start-up and formative of early ventures prevent it from picking up as opposed to the late stage venture capital. After Initial Public Offering (IPO), it is true that shareholders could freely trade their shares. One of the reasons entails assessment of scarce commodity that often gives analysts a chance to advise shareholders on issues of their prospectus. Second, company prospects with strong brokers offers platform for trading in shares in public to earn dividends through smaller and quality brokerages (Bierman, 2011). Alternatively, reading of prospectus carefully is essential in the determination of IPO especially in the first investment to establish one’s high-net worth for dividends. There is advantage and disadvantage of being a public company. The advantage is that such a company is open to trading and investment prospects for most investors. It means that shareholders have a leverage to trade in shares, securities, and bonds with high prospects of value return. However, being a

Change Management and Physical Restructuring of the Irish Defence Essay

Change Management and Physical Restructuring of the Irish Defence Forces - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the Irish Defence Forces are the armed services of the Irish Military. It consists of Naval Services, the Air Corps, the Army (covering ground and air operations), and the Reserve Defence Forces are made of part-time military members. Commissioned officers in the Defence Forces are granted their commissions by the President of Ireland, with supplementary decision-making and presidential representation occurring through the Irish Minister of Defence. It is the responsibility of the Defence Forces to secure the state against foreign and domestic threats, prepare the state for terrorist and non-terrorist armed military threats, ensure peace-keeping in the country, and provide humanitarian relief efforts coordinated with support from the United Nations. Domestic non-combat activities include policing of fisheries, bomb disposal, and stabilizing chemical threats. In 2009, the Irish Defence Forces began to over-run its allotted budget for op erations, which had been set at â‚ ¬688 million.   This situation called for a restructuring of the Irish Defence Forces since the government could not afford another budgetary increase to secure effective and productive operations. This restructuring involved labor reduction of key services including barrack, condensed tangible resource allocation to the Forces, and redeployment of posted service persons to undertake front-line operational roles.

Molecular biology cloning and Brachyury gene Essay

Molecular biology cloning and Brachyury gene - Essay Example Such recombinant vectors imitate effectively in specific strains of bacterial host cells, leading to the production of several copies of the recombinant DNA molecule, which was put into the vector (Eisen, et al, 2002, p 5483; Sambrook, Fritsch & Maniatis, 1989, p 891). 2. Brachyury gene: definition and the relation between the genes with cancer Brachyury refers to a protein which is encoded by the T gene in humans. It is a transcription factor that is within the T-box complex of genes, which has been identified in all bilateral animals. Brachyury also helps in defining the mesoderm in the process of gastrulation (National cancer institute, nd, para 5). The T gene is first expressed at the ending stage of blastula, at the mesoderm region and then later in the process of gastrulation. Expression of the Brachyury gene is contained to the tail bud and the notochord region. Brachyury is expressed within the endothermal epithelial cells of the hypostome in the diploblastic Hydra that makes up the apical portion of the polyp cranium. Therefore, the T gene plays an essential role in forming the axis of the initial body. The T gene is critical in the molding tripoblasts’ and diploblasts’ layers of germ, as well as, in the formation of the apical pole (Rolf, 2013, para 1). Genetic evaluations of individuals with hereditary form of bone cancer reveal that acquiring an additional T gene might cause the uncommon bone cancer. A study of seven families diagnosed with chordoma involving two or more blood relatives was conducted by the NCI researchers. Linkage analysis approach was utilized to explore whether certain genetic markers with established points in humans are present at birth along with chordoma. The initial analysis set out six genome areas that necessitated an extra examination. A comprehensive hereditary examination revealed that chromosome 6 section was more apt to be related with hereditary bone cancer. Brachyury gene that is contained in chromosom e 6 is exceptionally significant in the growth of notochord. Results from earlier examinations show that the T genes is found in almost all bone cancer cases, but not in the wide ranging assortment of ordinary body tissues or other malignant cells kinds. As such, the observation made the Brachyury gene an excellent candidate for involvement in the uncommon bone cancer (Rolf, 2013, para 2) 3. What is plasmid pNEB193? Plasmid pNEB193 is an enigmatic and a fresh plasmid. It was first found in NBRC14147 in S.albulus. Its functions are not known, though the cryptic plasmid pNEB193 replicon was utilized in duplication of vector construction (Sambrook, Fritsch & Maniatis, 1989, p 894). 4. Cloning technique What is the aim from using the polymerase chain reaction PCR in the cloning technique? Polymerase chain reaction is the primer-meditated enzymatic amplification of distinctively replicated or genomic DNA sequences. The template DNA includes a target sequence that can be very long in term s of nucleotides length. The main aim of using PCR is to clone genes directly without constructing DNA libraries. PCR makes gene cloning rapid by starting with a whole genome, PCR permits the DNA from a chosen region to be increased several billion fold, successfully sanitizing this DNA away from the remainder of the genome (Taylor & Francis group, 2010, p 544). PCR is mostly employed in molecular biology and

Personal Perception of Organized Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Perception of Organized Crime - Essay Example These enterprises are run and managed by criminals for the sole purpose of perpetrating illegal activities (Allum and Gilmour, 2012). Examples include various gangs and even terrorist groups. As can be observed, both definitions highlight organized crime as the perpetration of criminal activity with the aid of various, highly established mechanisms such as groups or gangs. However, the initial perception of organized crime prior to further reading was only limited to the portrayal of organized crime in the form of certain gangs. This implies that further reading brought exposure with regard to other forms of organized groups such as terrorist groups. In addition, cyber crime could also be considered as a form of organized crime. Characteristics of Organized Crime Organized crime has numerous characteristics. Organized crime behaviors are mainly highly structured and employ the differentiation of roles and operations. The system is, thus, involved in various illegal activities around the world. As mentioned, these crimes are perpetrated with the aid of groups of gangs whose membership is extremely loyal and committed to the set objectives. Thus, the characteristics of organized crimes involve many classifications as subsequently outlined. Violence and Intimidation Violence and intimidation represent a core characteristic of most organized crime behaviors. This implies that in the perpetration of organized crime, the criminal involved either employs violent behaviors or intimidation methods. For instance, terrorist groups may indulge in violent tendencies in regards to achieving certain objectives. On the other hand, other organized crime groups such as gangs may employ intimidating behaviors in the control and regulation of territories. Thus, innocent civilians or residents may be intimidated into compliance with certain operations with regard to the activities of the gangs. For instance, shopkeepers may be forced and intimidated into parting with certain amount s of money on a regular basis to the gangs. As a result of this intimidation processes, civilians may fail to testify against the gangs in court owing to fear of vindication. Thus, violence and intimidation contribute significantly to the thriving of organized crime in modern societies (Allum and Gilmour, 2012). Employment of Technology This represents an emerging trend in the perpetration of organized crime in modern society. Organized crimes have embraced technological advancements in the perpetration of criminal activities. Cybercrime refers to one of the examples of employment of technological advancements with regard to organized crime behavior. Through cybercrime, organized gangs are able to obtain sensitive personal and financial information using software applications. Information collected may, in turn, be used in the perpetration of internet crimes such as internet theft or internet fraud. Money Laundering Money laundering also represents a significant characteristic of or ganized crime behavior. Thus, billions of dollars are laundered annually by organized crime groups around the world. This process involves the exploitation of domestic financial institutions. The system is extremely structured and organized. This implies that various parties are responsible for the operations within the process of money laundering. Money laundering also employs a range of forms of technological

World civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World civilization - Essay Example First and foremost, he goes fearlessly into battle to liberate the world and walks miles away to find answers that would benefit the people of his city. He believes in God for his strength especially in battles. He respects people he meets along his journeys. Gilgamesh has loyalty to people. For example, his friendship with Enkidu illustrates his loyalty to people who respected himself and his city (Danny 24). Is a strong to perfection.† He is also described as an awesome beast with unmatched strength. In addition, Gilgamesh leads his tribe into battle fearlessly. In fact, they defeat everybody they battle with. His people have all confidence in him to an extent of being aroused by small insults with a belief that, through his awesome leadership ability, they would definitely win the battle and that he would not let them down. He also portrayed his great strength by fighting the mighty beast Humbaba. In fact, even Urok’s gentle people feared Humbaba and even warned Gilgamesh to be careful when fighting with him. However, this did not deter him from battling with him although he was nervous about the battle as it is noted in Colum VI of Table II (Danny 19). Gilgamesh always returned home safely. Even after fighting with great enemies, Gilgamesh, always defeated them and returned home safely. Again, he portrays his fighting skills when he makes Ishtar mad at him and as a result, she directs Anu to release the might bull to fight Gilgamesh. However, Gilgamesh was again successful in the battle. When he manages to reach at the top of Mt. Mashu, the scorpion guard is astonished by his daring courage to go that far. Just to show how brave Gilgamesh was, the scorpion guard said that if Gilgamesh happened to fall from the top of the mountain, he would fall all day and night. However, the guard allowed him to pass through the gate. He then rowed the boat himself across the sea

Personal Perception of Organized Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Perception of Organized Crime - Essay Example These enterprises are run and managed by criminals for the sole purpose of perpetrating illegal activities (Allum and Gilmour, 2012). Examples include various gangs and even terrorist groups. As can be observed, both definitions highlight organized crime as the perpetration of criminal activity with the aid of various, highly established mechanisms such as groups or gangs. However, the initial perception of organized crime prior to further reading was only limited to the portrayal of organized crime in the form of certain gangs. This implies that further reading brought exposure with regard to other forms of organized groups such as terrorist groups. In addition, cyber crime could also be considered as a form of organized crime. Characteristics of Organized Crime Organized crime has numerous characteristics. Organized crime behaviors are mainly highly structured and employ the differentiation of roles and operations. The system is, thus, involved in various illegal activities around the world. As mentioned, these crimes are perpetrated with the aid of groups of gangs whose membership is extremely loyal and committed to the set objectives. Thus, the characteristics of organized crimes involve many classifications as subsequently outlined. Violence and Intimidation Violence and intimidation represent a core characteristic of most organized crime behaviors. This implies that in the perpetration of organized crime, the criminal involved either employs violent behaviors or intimidation methods. For instance, terrorist groups may indulge in violent tendencies in regards to achieving certain objectives. On the other hand, other organized crime groups such as gangs may employ intimidating behaviors in the control and regulation of territories. Thus, innocent civilians or residents may be intimidated into compliance with certain operations with regard to the activities of the gangs. For instance, shopkeepers may be forced and intimidated into parting with certain amount s of money on a regular basis to the gangs. As a result of this intimidation processes, civilians may fail to testify against the gangs in court owing to fear of vindication. Thus, violence and intimidation contribute significantly to the thriving of organized crime in modern societies (Allum and Gilmour, 2012). Employment of Technology This represents an emerging trend in the perpetration of organized crime in modern society. Organized crimes have embraced technological advancements in the perpetration of criminal activities. Cybercrime refers to one of the examples of employment of technological advancements with regard to organized crime behavior. Through cybercrime, organized gangs are able to obtain sensitive personal and financial information using software applications. Information collected may, in turn, be used in the perpetration of internet crimes such as internet theft or internet fraud. Money Laundering Money laundering also represents a significant characteristic of or ganized crime behavior. Thus, billions of dollars are laundered annually by organized crime groups around the world. This process involves the exploitation of domestic financial institutions. The system is extremely structured and organized. This implies that various parties are responsible for the operations within the process of money laundering. Money laundering also employs a range of forms of technological

Diversity at Walmart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diversity at Walmart - Essay Example 5). Diversity at Walmart â€Å"becomes the foundation for an inclusive, sustainable business that embraces and respects differences, develops our associates, serves our customers, partners with our communities, and builds upon an inclusive supplier base† (Walmart: Diversity, 2010, par. 1). In a study conducted by Pottabathni (2009, par. 5), â€Å"human resource is the key to development and Wal-Mart efficiently manages its sources. Wal-Mart terms its employees as associates. Manager compensation is linked to the profit of store operated by him, within promotions, compensation offered to associates depending on companys profits and also offered some incentives on their performances. The workforce at Wal-Mart is not unionized as the company takes all the measures of their benefits and provides them training on related issues.† Further, their official website avers that their organization continues to â€Å"implement initiatives to attract and retain a diverse workforce, including recruiting from colleges and universities with large multicultural populations. We also provide associates with on-the-job training, leadership seminars, and direct access to job opportunities through our Career Preference System† (Walmart: Diversity, par. 2). As such, statistics of the work force at Walmart boasts of a composition from diverse cultural orientations and gender with the following breakdown, to wit: â€Å"more than 850,000 of our associates are female and make up 59 percent of our U.S. workforce. 35 percent of our associates are minority: 249,000 African Americans, 171,000 Hispanics, 42,000 Asian Americans, 6,000 Pacific Islander Americans, 15,000 American Indian and Alaska Natives, and 430,000 associates 50 and over. In a research by Green, Lopez, Wysocki & Kepner (2009), the authors provided a definition of diversity as â€Å"acknowledging, understanding,

Motivational Theorists Essay Example for Free

Motivational Theorists Essay Team work is majorly important when organising, setting up or running a business. If employees and employers can’t organise themselves it causes conflicted between each other and the business might be affected by this. This could be because of disagreements of a topic, for example choosing a name for a product. This could cause tension between employees and put pressure on the manager. Team work is when a group of people come together to either discus or develop ideas. The groups can either be informal or formal. The main differences between these groups are that formal groups are more main stream businesses, for example Microsoft. Whereas team groups that are informal could be based upon close friends that are going on a Duke of Edinburg walk. However, because there are different organisations that have either formal or informal teams, this makes different structures depending on the different organisations involved. Informal groups are formed because the people involved feel the need for either: †¢Social interaction (sport events, birthdays) †¢To discuss different aspects of their business and the management skills †¢To discuss ideas regarding interests such as sports One of the main aims of the informal groups is to improve social needs, this will create motivation for the employees because they will feel more secure at work and they will have better communication skills. Although these informal groups are not set up by the management, they still have motivation as a useful factor. However, the aims of a formal group are different, this is because they seem more sophisticated and organised. This is because they are often organised because the group want to commit to long term and short term goals, therefore they have to be more committed and serious. Some of the groups are formed because the employees are working with similar goals, including: †¢Members feel committed and have a sense of ownership and respect for each other, including their other talents †¢The members almost always have a clear idea of their goals and aims †¢The members are motivated and egger to improve their businesses and their skills The members of the formal groups are not randomly selected, they are assessed because they need to have the same commitment and social skills as the other members in order not to bring the group down and cause it to be less organised. Teams are formed in organisations to help develop ideas that could potentially improve businesses. If teams are made then that means that there are more ideas involved and the business will be open to more options rather than one person putting in their opinions that could be based around the same thing. Teams are also formed to improve the contact and communication skills around the work place; it helps employees feel more comfortable with their surroundings and improves motivation for the staff. Year 13 applied team The year 13 applied class has organised a group in order to keep the organisation under control and more formal. Having this group in applied will help the year 13’s to become closer as a community. It will also improve social skills to a high extent which will gain valuable skills in the future when dealing with clients and customers. It will improve social skills because the students will have first-hand experience on what it is like exchanging ideas with their peers and team leader. It will force the students to get along with each other despite any social issues which prepare them for a future in business, making each student more professional. Having to discuss their opinions will also widen the students mind into exploring the different techniques that different people choose which means they will become more educated rather than keeping with the same technique that a student would use if they were to be working alone. The main aims of the DBS applied are: Usually organisations have similar objectives and aims, this is because profit related organisations want to make a profit and they want to event to be a success. However the aims will adjust to fit the event, for example one of the aims of a team building event might be to improve staff morale, whereas the aim of a product launch may be to raise awareness of a new product and attract new buyers. Every organisation and event will have an aim, either to make profit, be successful or be organised. The main aims of the DBS talent show are: †¢Raise awareness of the applied team †¢Make a profit to give to a local charity †¢To provide an enjoyable event for all participants and audience †¢To improve the school profile amongst the community †¢To ensure a smooth running event It is highly important for the DBS applied 13’s to have appropriate and SMART aims and objectives, this is because they help structure and organise the event making the chances of success greater than if they didn’t have aims and objectives. Benefits and limitations of team work Advantages Working with other students and employees can have benefits as well as limitations. The advantages and disadvantages of teams also need to be considered before deciding to transition to teams. The following table of team advantages and disadvantages is an adaptation of work by Medsker and Campion (1992).* This list can also be used by existing teams to self-evaluate their efficacy. (source /www.hf.faa.gov/) Having teams in a business can enhance the amount of work that is being submitted by the employees, this means that the business will benefit because they will have more work completed by a shorted dead line which saves time and money for new projects. An example of this is giving out leaflets to promote a product. If 10 people distribute the leaflets then it will take up less time than if it were one person giving out the information. Not only do teams benefit business and organisations, it also benefits individuals. This is because it improves communication levels and boosts confidence because the team members are working together and discussing their ideas. These are some team advantages and explanations: Team advantages Explanations Team members have the opportunity to learn from each other. This gives the employees the opportunity to embrace new ideas from different people; it also gives the opportunity to people to express ideas which mean other people can gather different information from difference aspects of the topic which will widen their mind frame. It gives chance to others to communicate with others. This will give the team members confidence in the work place because they will have better communication skills amongst themselves which also means that in the future they will be more likely to be able to get along with others in team work and amongst office hours. New approaches to tasks may be discovered. For any team, this is a benefit because different areas are looked at from the business plan. Because different people are working in the team there are many different ideas and tactics used which means new skills will be learnt and appreciated. Teams membership can provide social facilitation and support for difficult tasks and situations. This means that each team member is supported by their team mates, not only does this give confidence but it allows the plan to almost become bullet proof because if one of the team members are failing at a task there will be others involved to help. Disadvantages Although teams give both businesses and individuals they also have some limitations that come with them. For organisations there might be conflict between the team members therefore some team members might leave the company completely which will cost the business money because they will have to recruit new staff and pay for training and hold meetings about the event/program they are organising. This can also effect the views that team members have of each other, for example the completion rates might become too high (many members want to take leadership or the team) which might cause conflict between friends and colleges. Below is a table of some limitations the team work brings into a working environment: Disadvantages Explanations Some individuals are not compatible with team work.some individuals see team work as demotivating because it doesn’t fit into the way that they work, this might cause confusion amongst these types of people and it might cause them to lag behind and become over loaded with work they have to complete, this could cause the team to slip and cause problems. Some members may experience less motivating jobs as part of a team.There is almost a hierarchy in a team for example, there is the team leader that has the most responsibilities in the team and then the work load becomes less. Some workers are highly motivated by heavy workloads and high responsibility (theory X and Y), if a team member who works like this has little responsibilities then they are likely to become demotivated. However it could become the opposite way and a work member could be pressured by the amount of work they have to complete and they might feel unappreciated and stressed which could cause the team to fall. Teams may be time-consuming due to need for coordination and consensus.This could cause conflict with the team member’s social life because of the workloads that they are being given. It is important for a business to allow their team members to have a good amount of social life in order for them to work to a high standard. If the workloads given are highly time consuming then it might take over time and run into the employees leisure time which will affect the levels of happiness and could cause them to become demotivated and their working levels will drop. Impact of leadership In every business and organisation there are different ways of leaderships. Leadership is the way that the managers and team leaders motivate and control their employees, without them then it workers would not know what to do and the businesses will lose money and staff rapidly because of the lack of motivation and skills their employees have. There are five main management styles in business are organisations, these are made up of: †¢Autocratic †¢Democratic †¢Laissez-faire †¢Proactive †¢Reactive Autocratic Each one of the above are differently structured in order to fit the employee’s needs. They all can be related to the theories of Maslow, Herzberg and McGregor. Autocratic style workers are clear on their tasks that they need to complete, however these workers need a controlling environment to become motivated the workers are not quite focused. The manager of an autocratic worker gives the employees a set of tasks to do and they expect the workers to do exactly what they are told and when they are told to do it. There is hardly no opportunity for the autocratic workers to give their opinions to the manager and there is no discussions about the tasks that they have been given, it is a very controlled environment. Autocratic workers can be related to the theory X and Y (however the autocratic workers are only applied to X not Y) An example of an autocratic management style could be a bakery store, as the business became more popular and the demands became higher, the manager decided to become more forceful with the employees to make sure deadlines were complete on time and there was no money lost. Because it was a small business with such high demands then the manager would decide that there would be no room for discussion on the tasks the manager gave them. There are some limitations of an autocratic ran business, autocrats could lead to little motivation. This is because the employees have no say in the business that they are working on which could make the employees feel like they have little importance in the they are working in and they could feel highly pressured into doing some things that they really disagree on. This gives a sense of poor ownership and commitment to the business. Another limitation could be that, if a business is at a peak season and the demands are higher than usual there will be more pressure put on the employees and the manager might find that it is hard to cut the deadlines back even shorter than usual because there is already so much work that are on strict deadlines. Being an autocratic manager could also affect the business over all, this is because new ideas that employees have would not get across to the manager which means new improvements that could enhance the businesses income will not be acted upon. Having an autocratic based business could give some benefits towards not only the staff but the customer’s and consumers. Some examples of organisations that benefit from an autocratic based business are: †¢The armed forces and the police †¢Medical areas like hospitals and sergeants †¢Fire fighters †¢Managers of internships These are all organisations that are almost always under pressure and have little time to discuss the different options available. For example, where there are health and safety issues going on, surgeons can’t afford to spend their time on consulting other people first, they must act fast. This works out well for them because this means that more lives are saved and the business profile is high and caries a good reputation. Managers of internships often use the autocratic way of managing staff because they are often inexperienced, shy and have little confidence. Having a forceful manager controlling them will allow the workers to because confident at work because they will be able to get on with their work. It will also prepare them for the future work because the manager will let them know what is expected from them in other business. One other thing is that the workers will have less time to communicate because the work levels and demands are high. This means less time for d istractions and more motivation for work. Democratic Democratic management is much more lenient than the autocratic style of management this is because the employees have a chance to get their opinions across. They also have an opinion on how the business is run. However, this doesn’t mean that their opinions will change the company or organisation. There are still similarities between democratic and autocratic leaders because there is still a leader that makes the overall decision despite what the employees say. The democratic leaders often set a date in which they take time to talk to all of the employees who have an input about the business; this could be a positive or negative approach. The reason why the manager carefully set a date for this is because it takes a lot of time and patience to listen and take in all the different opinions of people. It doesn’t just take time to listen and observe to the employees, it also takes careful analysing to decide to take action and change the businesses ways because of the empl oyees’ choice. This is also because the manager has to go through the different levels of the hierarchy, therefore this can become very time consuming. Another disadvantage of having a democratic manager is that there will always be either a winner or a loser in some sense. This is because the employees point either gets across and there are significant changes made in the business for the employees benefit, or the managers chooses not to change anything which leaves the employees feeling ignored and demotivated. This can give the employees low motivation because the employees who wanted a change in the work place would have worked relatively hard and spent time planning and prepping for the meeting and the employees would feel like they wasted their valuable time for no reason. However, having a democratic manager is not all negative, having this type of working area can mean the workers are highly motivated for the fact that they feel valued because the managers take part in what they think about the business, and their opinions. Where as if they are not listened to many of the workers would feel like they are just there to work and have little contribution to the company and have no control over anything. Another positive aspect of democratic workers is that when the managers do listen to them, and there is a change made the workers feel proud and they feel like they have made commitments to the work place. This also means that a good relationship is made between the manager and the employees. The employees have more respect for the manager because they took the time to listen to them; in return the employees are likely to work harder. An example of this is, when new initiatives are considered at recruitment consultancy, Longbridge international, they are discussed and agreed collectively, almost 89% of the staff believes they make a valuable contribution to the company and 88% feel that they have/make a difference. (source: applied business text book) This example supports the fact that the employees are motivated by a democratic leader because they are listened to and respected, rather than a manager that doesn’t let them have any control over the work area or themselves. Laissez-faire Laissez-faire management program is a hand off approach, this means that the employees are free to work as they like and they are not put under pressure by their managers like other motivation and management theories. The managers who work like this will potentially give the employees the materials they need to complete the tasks that have been set for them. Laissez-faire workers have their own goals and are self-motivated. However, these workers must be highly experienced and motivated and who have a need for achievement to work because there is no manager pressuring for work. If an inexperienced worker comes into an atmosphere like this it is highly likely that the company will suffer with poor communication and lack of work on deadlines. This could happen because employees are not used to have a very free environment and they might take advantage of this. This type of management styles is highly popular within more creative businesses, this is because they are allowed to make up d ifferent styles and work by themselves. Some examples of Laissez-faire companies could be: †¢Graphic designer †¢Magazine editor motivational theorists †¢Decorator The work that is more artistic and creative is supposed to reflect of the employee themselves therefore this is why Laissez-faire management style is better because they are allowed this freedom whereas in autocratic and democratic environments they are not which means every ones work will almost be the same. However, the businesses that recruit these types of workers need to carefully think about whom they choose, in interviews they will commonly ask questions relating to their work techniques and they will analyse if the workers can work freely and don’t rely on the managers for advice, help and pressure. By asking these questions they are saving money and time for the business. If they were to recruit a worker that is cauterised as an X theory worker then they will slack off and not complete work on time. An advantage of working like this is that most people dont like having someone looking over their shoulder constantly, so a laissez-faire management style promotes trust i n the workers. The workers also have a feel of importance at work because they aren’t constantly being looked after and they have control of their work life as well as their social and leisure time. Another advantage is that this kind of style is positive only in the case when the employees are very responsible and in case of creative jobs where a person is guided by his own aspirations. In these cases, less direction is required so this style can be good. However there are some limitations to have such a free flowing environment, these can be because an laissez-faire management style makes it easy for workers to do a substandard job or to slack off entirely, and it usually takes a very high-visibility problem to bring such workers to light. This style has more disadvantages because usually it is the result of the lack of interest of the leader that leads to his adopting this style. It proves poor management and makes the employees lose their sense of direction and focus. The disinterest of the management and leadership causes the employees to become less interested in their job and their dissatisfaction increases.

Business plan for new clothing company

Business plan for new clothing company The product we are going to distribute is trendy clothing. Clothing must be fashionable so that it can influence on people and it is one of the most important things for people. Particularly, there are two types of clothing: formal and informal. However, the clothing were going to develop is formal clothing. Nowadays, there are a lot of brands, like as ELLE, DAPPER, ARROW and other brands, and they have already got their own customers and they are holding some part of our Myanmar market. We assure that our product is certainly produced with high quality and fashionably designed. Customers will not need to be doubtful and unfulfilled after they bought our product. The target market for our product is concentrated on gender. Besides, we will distribute the other special accessories, such as, sunglasses, purses and wallets, and fancy. Product We have investigated the cloth quality and fashionable design in our factory in Singapore. We will use cotton, which can be adjustable with Myanmar weather, in our clothing. Furthermore, we build the factory and some warehouses in china and the products are separated into many categories _ tops, pants, jackets and coats and others. First, we focused on ladies apparel and accessories such as shoes, bags, belts, scarves and hats. Then, we decided to expand into men wears. We are now starting to introduce our products to market in Myanmar. New trends are always available at our organization for the people who are really into fashion. Benefits We know that all the people want the excellent brand hallmark and the best standard with the best possible price. We have usually coordinated in price and quality effectively that can bring satisfaction to the customers. You can see our new collection for summer, rainy, and winter seasons. We have planned to retail and open stores in some urban areas so that consumers can easily get our goods from their surrounding shopping mall and markets. We are offering diverse categories for both male and female, so both of these customers can obtain their needs from one place our brand. And a lot of people will be delighted with our products. People who pay for our brand will get the feeling of confident, stylish, and smart. Target market We orientate the customers who want to be fabulous and gorgeous. We segment and classify the markets into demographics, geographic, psychographic and behavior. We aim at the adults and youths market _ Generation Y, Generation X and late teens. And they are our core markets. Every religion and ethnic backgrounds can wear our clothing. Our brand will suit with people who are interested in newly fashion designed clothing because we made our products beautifully. And, we have option for clothing expenditures that how much money the customers will spend on the branding product, on average. If you would choose this brand, youll never feel unsatisfied and insecure. You can have a delightful lifestyle. Everyone wont look down upon you when youre wearing them. You will feel like very secure. They can bring pleasure to you. In addition, we have been chosen the most suitable clothing style for Myanmar culture which are simple, but interesting and attracted to people. The chosen collections will be right with Myanmar customs tastes. To consider about the geographic, we do research some inner-urban areas and higher socio-economics regions. Then, we point out not only the cities of Yangon and Mandalay but also the range of some well-known supermarkets and shopping mall. We also make a certain decision for the weather conditions of Myanmar and our selective areas. Generally, we are sure that Myanmar has the finest weather and the climate is not very cold compared with other countries. Thats why we negotiate and make a decision that well share the most convenient and attractive clothes with our Myanmar customers. Head Office location Address : Mortin shopping mall Contact no. : +951501509 Contact mail : [emailprotected], [emailprotected] Customer buying behavior Customers can look around many brands. Theyll have many choices, however when they compare with our brand, they will be persuaded and motivated to buy our products. Although the consumers are passion about it, they will see the quality, color, design and prices. And, it is also crucial that we get the right place. All the people might believe that the items at the shopping malls have security so that they are more willing to buy it. Therefore, we sell our products in better supermarket to attract customer behavior. Consumers make a decision at the shopping centre but it will take some efforts and time to decide carefully. Customer might use and look into the Yellow pages, internet, journals or magazines. So, the data and information put into these papers, but not in details. They can also have a look through our own web page. www.precious.com.sg Our staff will be always on line and we update the data all the times, so you dont have to worry about the fashion is not up-to-date. Product Strategies Product classification Our product can be accepted as shopping goods because people usually compare price, quality and style when they buy the clothes. Distribution channels and promotional strategies shaped on our products and on the customers. We appointed with retailers to sale large quantities. Product life cycle stage The PCL stage is also influenced on our products. We are going to think about the profits and we always need to aware that our price is affordable or not, and we are trying to get knowledge about our competitors fashion trend and the situation of the other markets. Product mix or Product line We have some kinds of sizes for male and female individually. They are small, medium and large for female and S, M, L, XL, and XXL for male. There are several colors for both male and female. Many sorts of types can be obtained. We are giving services, like online shopping and delivery. These are all the items for female: Tops- fashion tops, shirts and tees Jackets and coats- jackets and coats, vests Skirts Pants Shorts Dresses Shoes-flats and scandal, heals and wedges, boots Other accessories The following items are for male customers: Shirts Jackets and coats Suits Pants Shorts Shoes- shoes and socks Brand The name PRECIOUS indicates to our product. This logo will represent our brand. We give the slogan as if you want to be stylish, wear PRECIOUS. Branding strategy We define the producers own brands as branding strategy owing to our products field, the financial background, and the management. Our product field is large, we are well financed, and well managed for our product lines. Packaging We dont have special packaging styles or methods. We just package well to look good and perfect. Distribution Strategies Channel Choice We will use both Direct and Indirect Distribution Channels. In direct distribution channel, we will distribute our product directly to ultimate consumers. We just use our own sales or perhaps telemarketing or online selling directly to consumers. We will perform as manufacturers. In indirect distribution channel, we will distribute our products through retailers such as supermarkets and stores to consumers. And we also use middlemen. Middlemen are important because it is usually not practical for a producer to deal directly with ultimate consumers. We need intermediaries mainly for acting as transport and merchandise agent when we export our products to other places such as Nay Pyee Daw, Mandalay and on. Pricing Strategies Pricing Objectives As we are starting our business, we prefer to have Sales Oriented Goals. We might not look to maximize profit but rather to set a price aimed at increasing sale volume. Price Elasticity As clothing is not only shopping good but also psychogenic need, consumers will usually compare price, quality and style and also buying habits affect distribution and promotion, But the price will be elastic. The price will be change when increasing demand. Market Entry Strategies We will enter the market with by using Market Skimming Pricing Strategy. Because our product is setting a relatively high initial price as our target market is for elite customers. By using this strategy it can help to establish a high-quality image for our new product and provides the firm with pricing flexibility. Another point of view why our product is suitable for that strategy the reasons for that are our product is in the early stages of life cycle and our new product is distinctive. Product cost When we setting up the price. There are two types of cost, variable and fixed. Wages and salaries, tax and insurance, machinery costs and vehicles and equipments are fixed costs. Raw material cost, electricity, delivery and advertising are variable costs. Price Setting Methods We will use Cost-plus pricing method. (Total cost +desire profit) is also call mark up pricing. Evaluation of cost-plus pricing (Budgeted) Planned=10 Cost, Selling price, Profit Budgeted Labour and material costs per cloth $20 Overhead (fixed cost) $25 Total cost per unit = $45 According to the calculation budgeted selling price per unit = $45+$4.5 = $49.5 per unit Break-even analysis It is important to meet break-even point for our company otherwise we cant make profit and also cant imagine for the good will of our company. We wish to find out how many units must be sold to cover all cost. So we used Break-even analysis. The equations for Break-even point is Break-even point, in units= Total fixed cost Selling price per unit average variable cost per unit ($) Promotion strategies We will always inform and remind about our ultimate goods to our usual customers and the other new customers. Well apply the advertising method and sale promotion method to publicize. Well use 10% of annual profit for our products promotion. Advertising Well not use the broadcasting through TV channels. At first, well print in the famous magazines and journals to recognize by the public easily. Then, well emphasize on the outdoors advertisements _ billboards and bus sides so that a lot of people will notice our product now and then. Sale promotion We have prepared some contests to become familiar with some business people and consumers. Well put more stress on trade shows and in-store displays. We have hired the ball room in Traders hotel (Yangon) and Sedona hotel (Mandalay) to make our first trade show in Myanmar. And, we have well organized to start our trade show. After that, we are going to display our latest fashion designed clothes in some big department stores. We also get ready to allow for the member cards if you become our loyalty customer. We have gold, silver and platinum cards for our customers. You will see amazing rewards when you come to our . You can do members at our web page. If you got a profile in our websites, you can see and shop our recent items on line. We make the offering 10% off. Youll see our astonished plus offers and rewards. SWOT Analysis Strengths Well design, best quality and we also use tight quality control strategies. Therefore, our products have better quality than any other competitors. Legally import from china. Well packing to avoid damage by transportations. Only sell qualified products there is no damage items. Weakness Selling price may b a bit problem for ordinary class customers because of our products target market is for elite customers. Distribution direct from manufacturers to the retailer so we arent sure the retailers do their work perfect or not. Our company is newly established. As we are in introduction stage, the awareness of people about our brand may be smaller even though our product is nice. We need lots of promotional strategies than other existing competitors to penetrate the market. Opportunities We allow some opportunities for our customers and also authorized agent too. If a customer buys goods for 200,000ks within a month we give him/her 5%discount card up to two years. For authorized agent if their revenues touch the focus target we allow them to get feedback 5% of their revenues as bonuses for them and also free trips to China. Threats One biggest threat for our product is that there are lots of famous competitors. Delay transportation, for example, when we import out products from China by ship if the weather is terrible our stocks will be delay. We have to sell our products according to the weather if our stocks are delayed we cant sell these delay product on that time. If we are going to sell those products in coming season it is sure that our products are not up to date. Another one is inflation because of that the value of Myanmar Kyat became low so when exchanging money fluctuation is threat for us. Action Plan We will provide our customers with the best quality products. By giving opportunities helps our firm to increase the volume of sales. Make our product well-know and satisfying consumer wants by developing goods and special service. We fight our main competitor by making priority of consumer wants on the other hand their weakness is they only focus on making money by selling men wears whereas we make satisfy our consumers by selling both genders and also accessories for both of them and also discount systems. We will build trust with our consumers and let them know that our product is reliable and qualified in these ways we hope to build strengths and to overcome our weakness. .

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Essay example -- Self Image Weight Papers

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Behavior Therapy for body image has been proven an effective way to improve body dissatisfaction. It has been applied to persons with eating disorders, obesity, body dysmorphic disorder, and normal weight, all of whom harbor negative feelings toward their bodies. It is critically important to target body image for specific treatment, as negative feelings about one's body are often a major precipitous to eating disorders. What is body image? Body image can be defined as the picture one has in his mind about the appearance (i.e. size and shape) of his body, and the attitude that he forms toward these characteristics of his body. Thus there are two components of body image: the perceptual part, or how one sees his own body, and the attitudinal part, or how one feels about his perceived bodily appearance (Gardner, 1996). A negative body image can be in the form of mild feelings of unattractiveness to extreme obsession with physical appearance that impairs normal functioning (Rosen, 1995). How do Americans feel about their bodies? The 1997 Psychology Today Body Image Survey revealed that Americans have more discontentment with their bodies than ever before. Fifty-six percent of women surveyed said they are dissatisfied with their appearance in general. The main problem areas about which women complained were their abdomens (71 percent), body weight (66 percent), hips (60 percent) and muscle tone (58 percent). Many men were also dissatisfied with their overall appearance, almost 43 percent. However body dissatisfaction for men and women usually means two different things. More men as opposed to women wanted to gain weight in order to feel satisfied with their bodies (Ga... ...4. Rosen, J.C., (1995). Body Image Assessment and Treatment in Controlled Studies of Eating Disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20, 331-343. Rosen, J.C., Orosan, P., & Reiter, J., (1995). Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Negative Body Image in Obese Women. Behavior Therapy, 26, 25-42. Rosen, J.C., Reiter, J., & Orosan, P., (1995). Cognitive-Behavioral Body Image Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 263-269. Rosen, J.C., Saltzberg, E., & Srebnik, D., (1989). Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Negative Body Image. Behavior Therapy, 20, 393-404. Veale, D., Gournay, K., Dryden, W., Boocock, A., Shah, F., Willson, R., & Walburn, J., (1996). Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioural Model and Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 717-729.

Critical Analysis on the Context of Multi-agency Team Work

This essay will focus upon a critical incident analysis in the context of multi-agency team work and inter-professional working. The details of the incident will be drawn from the authors recent experience with the Community Housing Support Team, in particular from Care Programme Approach meetings. The names of both clients and staff, as well as details pertaining to their locale have been changed or omitted to comply with the UKCC†s Code of Professional Conduct, Clause 10, (UKCC, 1992). The situation used within this assignment is based upon two clients who co-habit in a first floor maisonette as common law husband and wife. Mr Client has a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia which is controlled with xenobiotics and is the main carer for Mrs Client who has a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia also controlled by xenobiotics that are administered by Mr Client. Mrs Client also has a prolapse of the uterus which causes her to suffer from double incontinence. Arrangements have been made for Mrs Client to have the required operation to repair the problem, however prior to admission Mrs Client becomes very anxious and has twice refused to have the operation. Both clients have a poor dietary intake, poor personal hygiene, high caffeine intake, and a heavy smoking habit. The conditions that the clients are now living in due to the above being ongoing for some time are now less than satisfactory, and to that end the present situation and what should be done about it, has become the primary focus of the various professionals and agencies involved in care of the clients. Each client has their own keyworker representative from the agencies and professionals involved in their care, these are a community psychiatric nurse (CPN), social worker, and a member of the housing support team (HST). Both the clients have home care workers visiting as part of the social work input, and they also share the same general practitioner (GP), and psychiatric consultant. Housing support team input was on a daily basis with both clients and their role was to assist the clients with shopping and encourage the clients to use leisure facilities and local transport. The housing support team although referred to separately within this essay are officially part of the social work team, as this is the source of their funding. The social work keyworkers roles were to visit the clients on a regular basis and to assist with benefits, finances etc, as well as assisting the clients in conjunction with the rest of the care team if a crisis arose. The social work department had also arranged for home help to visit on a regular basis to assist with housework and hygiene. The clients community psychiatric nurse†s role was to monitor medication and mental state. These are the defined roles as the author understands them, however the care team as a whole interchanges, shares, or crosses over roles as a matter of course throughout the care deployment. In order to properly analyse the inter-professional working of the clients care team, it is important to collate the differing aims of each profession involved. Mr and Mrs Client†s keyworkers from the housing support team were of the opinion that the client†s accommodation had reached the stage where it was posing a health risk for both the clients and other residents in the building. Because the housing support team had daily input with both clients they were also able to pick up on various other aspects of care that appeared to require revaluation, such as medication and mental state, and had encountered such an issue with Mr Client giving Mrs Client the incorrect dosage of medication. Taking into account the issues raised the housing support team felt that they were maintaining a poor quality of life for the clients, and that alternative sheltered accommodation, and care approach should be discussed as this was unacceptable. The social work keyworkers in addition to their normal visits had arrangements for further visits outside of the care plan agreement as there was a recognised need for more intense support at this time. It was felt that placement in a nursing home as a couple with continuing input from the housing support team and community psychiatric nurse, would improve the clients quality of life. The clients general practitioner and consultant had made a referral to residential services. Both clients community psychiatric nurse felt that the clients mental state did not warrant an admission into hospital, however further arrangements should be made regarding medication and accommodation. These various agencies and professionals come together, in this case every six months, to partake in a care programme approach meeting (CPA). The care programme approach was first considered in nineteen eighty-nine then again in nineteen ninety in a Department of Health circular, before being implemented in nineteen ninety-one as an official guideline. However inter-collaborative working has been an aim of government policy in mental health services since the nineteen seventies, (COUCHMAN, 1995). Its target group being psychiatric clients in hospital, community or other specialised mental health service. The aim of the guidelines were to encourage greater efficiency and co-operation between the various agencies and professionals involved in the care of a client or clients. This was to be done by systematically assessing all the clients needs and the agency or profession that could best meet those needs, the appointment of a keyworker from one of the agencies or professions involved, to reach agreement between the carers involved and the client, and then to implement, monitor and set regular review dates, (COWART & SEROW, 1992), In addition to the care plan approach meetings there is almost daily interaction between the agencies and professions involved. In addition to this there are meetings within each individual agency or profession, usually on a weekly basis, concerning the most appropriate delivery of care within the role of the individual agency or profession. The diagram in Appendix A shows the ways that clients enter the psychiatric services, and where inter-professional collaboration happens, it also shows that this care team is a hybrid parallel pathway team. Efficient inter-professional collaboration exists only where there is good group dynamics and working relationships, both within the care team and within the government who†s laws and guidelines that care team follows. However when reviewing the history of British social policy it is easy to become pessimistic, Webb, (1991) points out, â€Å"exhortations to organisations, professionals and other producer interests to work together more closely and effectively litter the policy landscape, yet the reality is all to often a jumble of services fractionalised by professional, cultural and organisational boundaries and by tiers of governance†. In order to overcome these problems they must first be identified and then strategies devised to overcome them. Whilst in the community with the housing support team the author observed that the main problem or cause of problems was communication, whilst ironically, most if not all of the problems encountered could have been avoided or solved more efficiently with effective communication. However the author feels this may be viewed by many as an over-generalisation, and so will break this down further into some of the ‘sub† problems. A key difficulty is that working together appears to be the logical way forward, yet it is the authors experience that little consideration is given to the effects of such an activity, (CARLING, 1995). From an agencies or professions point of view collaborative activity raises two main difficulties first it looses its freedom to act independently when it would prefer to maintain control over its domain and affairs. Second, it must invest scarce resources and energy in developing and maintaining relationships with other organisations, when the potential returns on its investment are often unclear or intangible, (HUDSON, 1987). The main sources of conflict within an organisation and inter-professional collaboration are communication, power, goals, values, resources, roles and personalities. As mentioned previous a major source of conflict is the misunderstanding or breakdown of communication. However communication can also be used as a tool for clarifying opposing views. It is the authors observation that most values within an organisation are internalised and are therefore difficult to change, but they can be clarified through communication so as not to become a barrier. This kind of logic is a skill that can only be learnt through the application of common sense and the wisdom of experience, (BILLIS & HARRIS, 1996). Conflict situations often arise suddenly, the author has observed that the more people that attend a meeting or that are involved in a decision regarding care organisation the more potential there is for conflict to occur. Power causes conflict when there are relationships within organisations between individuals of unequal power, the classic example being the doctor/patient relationship, or the nurse and the consultant. This can cause additional conflict where there are differently structured organisations working together as the power differences between individuals then become unclear. For example the power relationship between the community psychiatric nurse and the social worker. Another common cause of conflict is different goals, different methods of reaching those goals, different values, unclear or overlapping designation of responsibilities, lack of information and personality conflicts. It is acknowledged within health care that some conflicts can not be resolved, Mallory, (1981) states that unresolved conflicts need to be managed carefully within any work group in order to balance the level of conflict. Banton, (1985) remarks that the essential point is that conflicts of interest are of fundamental importance in all major areas of life in our society and therefore full consensus is only possible when people are prepared to restrict themselves to the trivial. Conflict in an open environment can be beneficial to the work environment as when handled in a mature and professional manner conflict can lead to creativity, innovation or growth, however if to much energy is expended in non productive activity then conflict becomes destructive. It is the authors opinion that conflict is an inherent part of the nursing and general health care culture, and that psychiatric nurses in the community are prime candidates for this because of the need to work collaboratively with people both professional and non professional of varying social, ethnic and educational backgrounds. Collaboration suggests that the combined power of the agencies or professions is distributed evenly, yet nurses are employed in a hierarchical system. Huber, (1996) suggests that nurses find that working in groups creates a situation in which there are a number of different colleagues and a variety of client types and different personalities to work with, these are complex interrelationships, and added to that complexity is the fact that there are multiple providers requiring co-ordination and communication to manage the care for any client. Within healthcare as a whole there is an interdependence between its members. The multi-disciplinary team breaks down into multiple care providers each relying on the other to carry out a portion of the work. For example a member of the housing support team can not monitor a clients medication if the clients community nurse has not organised the Doset box from the pharmacy. The source of conflict can be organisational, interpersonal or a combination of both. Personal and organisational goals and values may also be in conflict with or over general policies, a general policy being the course of action taken by an institution, department or unit. Policies in the main are meant to soothe conflicts over specific issues, they are designed to give about standard ways to make decisions in recurring situations. However different people within the care team may approach situations with differing viewpoints on how to best deal with certain issues, differences may occur over such things a clerical or managerial routines, or over record keeping and information sharing. Clashes may result at the intersection of a nurses professional judgement as an autonomous professional with standardised policies developed by the institution and designed to produce uniform behaviour, (AJN, 1987). Resource allocation comes under organisation issues and is especially important in the case of Mr and Mrs Client as the general consensus is that sheltered accommodation of some description is required, which inevitably will require funding. Budgeting has caused conflict over scarce resources within organisations. In the case of Mr and Mrs Client the funding for the accommodation should come from the social services department. Power conflicts can be both organisational and interpersonal and result in role conflicts. Role conflicts have been identified as being of two types, role overload and role ambiguity. Role overload is when a carer is expected to perform the work of other employees or disciplines in addition to providing their normal care tasks. Whereas role ambiguity is when the role and responsibilities of the carer expands faster than is officially recognised, (JOHNSON, 1994). To assist in making interprofessional collaboration joint working recommendations such as those stated in Building Bridges, (1996) have been suggested these include commitment on all levels of care approach and delivery, to maintain a primary focus on the service users, jointly owned or shared strategies for care of people with severe mental health problems, agreed procedures for access to services, agreed procedure for information exchange, clarification of roles and responsibilities and regular reviewing of interprofessional dynamics. vretveit, (1997) states that UK policy in the nineteen nineties has asked the question, what is wrong with the service? Rather than what problems need tackling in the outside world. In future it should re-focus on how partnerships between the users of the service, professional workers and managers can be achieved, in other words how can we make an integrated service truly democratic? The solutions to nearly all the crisis encountered by the care team can be or could have been solved or at least minimised through the effective use of communication. It is felt that it would also be important in interprofessional collaboration to have shared values and cultures, while a mismatch along these lines between health and social services has been well documented. (SMITH, 1993). Collaboration is the basis for team building and with the changes to healthcare, work redesign, restructuring and reengineering depend on effective collaboration, co-operation and group accomplishment. Proactive conflict resolution in work groups is the essence of building successful teams which are flexible and adaptable, and have a high degree of trust and communication. Therefore the ingredients for successful interprofessional collaboration may be a common goal, interdependence, co-operation, co-ordination of activities, task specialisation and therefore role clarity, equal division of effort and mutual respect. Team building is defined as being the deliberate process of creating and unifying a group into an effective functioning work unit to accomplish specific goals, (FARLEY & STONER, 1989). In conclusion, collaboration has been called the most effective strategy for managing conflict to achieve long term benefits. However a wide differential in power (both felt and actual), exists between nurses, social workers, and consultants, and this hinders effective collaboration. Therefore with wide differences in power the most commonly used techniques seem to be compromise and accommodation. There are indications however that this is changing as the health service as a whole is and has undergone some major changes with the implementation of the care plan approach, care management and the formation of community teams such as housing support and community support teams, and as a result effective interprofessional collaboration could soon become more commonplace. (BALDOCK, 1974).