Indianization Term Essay Example for Free

Indianization Term Es regulate head tea leafcher 1What does the term Indianization or sinicization refer to when employ to describe political sympathies administrations headed by invaders or foreign exponents? revel give at least 2 examples. These two terms refer to a general cultural assimilation of the foreign government. Over meter, occupying actors in chinaware and India became familiar with the local culture and began to blend in, appearing more and more as locals than foreigners. In the case of these two countries, this process led to locals being promoted to government positions that were initially reserved for the foreign or invading power. The nation gradually looks less and less alike(p) a conquered state, as more of its consume people are placed in positions of power and its populace regains greater self-determination. In India, this process was introduced by the British in the 1920s and was actually termed Indianisation. The British appointed Indians to fil l senior military ranks and government positions, and set up specific officers to handle this process in a deliberate manner. The example is by chance clearer in chinaware, where Kublai caravan inn fell in love with Chinese culture in his youth. In 1271, later on being Khan for 20 years, Kublai created the yuan dynasty which covered the area of china under Mongole chance. The Yuan dynasty was initially a Mongol administration and was p artifice of the Mongol empire, but with fourth dimension, successive getrs saw themselves as Chinese emperors rather than Mongol lords. The Yuan dynasty lost deflect over Mongol lands outside of China, and became a honest Chinese empire until conquered by the Ming dynasty in 1388 (Saunders, 2001). movement 2What phylogenys in Southern claim China resemble the industrial renewing of the West? Why were the emperors during the Song block so successful when their predecessors were non? The Song period was one of great growth and cultivati on in Chinas sedulousness and infrastructure. One of the macroscopicst factors of this was the introduction of paper money, principal to a normalized market economy. This was alike a time of development of cities, as irrelevant to the agrarian economy that had characterized earlier periods. Cities became centers of trade and industry, leading to the development of a merchant class akin(predicate) to the later Bourgeoise in Europe. Chinese industry grew along with the merchant class during the Song period. While finding exact numbers from the time period is difficult, Robert Hartwell notes that Chinese iron production lept six-fold from the early 800s to 1078, where he notes that Chinese iron production reached 125,000 tons (Hartwell, 1962), far beyond that of the western sandwich powers. This abundance of iron allowed China to manufacture tools, machinery, and trade goods. The result was that Chinas economy grew dramatically, leading to China surpassing Western Europe in per capita income during the Song dynasty (Maddison, 2006). Several factors contributed to the occurrence of this Chinese Industrial Revolution under the Song dynasty. One was the establishment of a civil bureaucracy as opposed to rule by warlords. This helped to encourage the development of trade and industry, as well as education, as commoners could get to these posts via t resemblingg the imperial examination. Another factor was technological innovation, marked by developments such as pulverization and movable type. Such social and technological innovation led to expanded opportunities for the peasant class and allowed numerous to migrate from farms to cities to pursue the newer career paths available to them. scruple 3What combination of Mongol attributes and Song weaknesses do the Mongol conquest successful? Please analyze it detail. The single largest factor leading to the successful Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty was the attitudes of each culture towards war. The Mongols were born and bred for it. Their culture glorified battle and conquest. The Mongol empire had been growe for centuries, winning victory after victory, which surely inspired fear and doubt in either army forced to stand against them. The Song were not pacifists by any means, but they were not warriors in the same vein as the Mongols. When they broke the Mongol alliance to recapture former lost cities, they were not prepared for the war they had unleashed. One study(ip) Song weakness was that the initial battlefields of the war were not approbatory positions to hold. Kaifeng, Luoynag, and Changan were already ruined by war. The Song strategy of defense also played into the Mongols hands, allowing the horsewarriors to choose the time and place of battles and ensure local passkeyity. This led to the Song being driven back, finally retreating to Guangdong and losing their leader, Emperor Gong, in the process. The Song dynasty was now left effectively leaderless. The two heirs were m ere children. Without a decisive and unattackable leader, just efforts at resistance were to prove futile. The final defeat of the Song at the Battle of Yamen in 1279 was near a foregone conclusion, as the demoralized and cornered Song were beaten soundly by Kublai Khans marine forces, leading to the death of the final Song emperor and the assimilation of Song lands.Question 4Why did Chinese culture become so popular and accepted in japan? What are the major differences and similarities between the Chinese and Nipponese culture. Many aspects of Chinese culture passed to Japan in the earlier centuries AD, when China was a more toss a trackd society and the Japanese eager to learn and advance themselves. This hunger for learning and improvement of their culture was the autochthonic factor that allowed Chinese cultural influence to filter Japanese society. When the two cultures first made contact Japan had no formal written lyric and adopted that of the Chinese, which would l ater be evolved to a similar but distinct written form. Japan also modelled its imperial bureaucracy after that of China, and the courts of the two nations ended up being very similar in the ranks and titles used. The largest form of cultural influence, though, was religion. Both Confucianism and Buddhism made strong inroads in Japan, which at the time had a practically less sophisticated form of religion. Both of the Chinese religions imparted practical knowledge about how to run a society and live ones daily life, and this proved attractive to the Japanese. This influence led to the development of Zen Buddhism and the famous Japanese samurai culture. With these similarities, differences between the two cultures remained. One of the strongest was the samurai culture, the code of Bushido. The Japanese samurai evolved to be a warrior caste, something which did not have a counterpart in China on nearly the same scale. As a result of this, Japan evolved to a more feudal society, with peasant- helots supporting the samurai nobility in a system of lesser warlords (daimyo) owing fealty to the imperial court (in reality, the Shogun). Chinese culture, especially in the Ming period, interact the peasantry more as independent landowners rather than as the lowest tier in the feudal machine.Question 5What impact did Buddhism have on the development of Japanese culture and lifestyles? Give examples in two art and literature where Buddhism was a major factor. Japanese Zen Buddhism infiltrated and permeated every aspect of Japanese culture, influencing the way they thought, governed, created, even loved and made war. The Japanese have long been famous for appearing reserved, for keeping feeling private. This is a very Buddhist trait coming from the teachings of the Middle Path, the path of moderation. Excess is frowned upon. Discipline and concentrate on are encouraged. Those two words have formed the foundation of Japanese lifestyles for centuries. The formalized ritua l of the tea ceremony also demonstrates Buddhist influences over such a simple thing as the crapulence of tea. The samurai give excellent examples of how Buddhism affected Japanese culture. The samurai were the ruling class, and as the elite, the commoners would seek to emulate them. The samurai were known for their unshakeable consignment to their duty, that of serving their daimyo, or leige. They paid particular emphasis to Samadhi, one of three branches of Buddhisms Noble multiple Path. The teachings of Samadhi emphasized right effort (continual self-improvement, via constant training at their disciplines), right mindfulness (awareness of ones surroundings, seeing the world clearly), and right concentration (self-awareness, accomplished via meditation and self-reflection). Buddhisms influences also spread into the art and literature of the period. The clearest example in art is in Japanese gardens and architecture. Japanese home plates were sparse and minimalist, rejecting lu xury in favor of the simple necessities, in which the Japanese took joy. Their gardens were designed and grown as places for tranquility, as places of meditation. Buddhist influence over literature is seen in such writings as An Account of My Hut by Chomei, an financial statement for a life of peaceful meditation and tranquility.Question 6How did a Japanese emperor differ from the Chinese emperor? Which would you consider more superior and why? The primary difference was in the power they wielded. Chinese emperors tended to wield far more power over their territory and ruling in a monarchial fashion. While more Chinese emperors were overthrown in the end by court intrigue, regicide, or revolution during their time on the throne a Chinese emperor was his nations absolute ruler. In constrast the Japanese emperors were more or lessly figureheads. Though viewed by the populace as a living god, in truth their power was very limited. For most of the last 1,000 years the real power in J apan was held by the Shogun, the primary warlord who had gained dominance over the others. Within that period were also many times of strife where Japan had no strong leader but was instead fragmented into many separate warring states, led by Daimyo. The emperor still reigned during these periods but had no power to stop the warfare. Chinese emperors fit more nigh with the western idea of monarchy, whereas Japanese emperors were described by European explorers as being more akin to the Pope a spiritual leader with little political clout, while the Shoguns were mentioned as being similar to the European monarchs (Howe, 1999). In absolute terms, Chinese emperors seem to be superior to Japanese by celibacy of the greater power they wield. Argument could be made that monarchial institutions have the inherent weakness of relying too some(prenominal) on one man who may or may not be qualified to rule (just look at the damage some of the Roman emperors such as Nero and Caligula caused), that is beyond the scope of this work. For the purposes of this discussion, I will argue that Chinese emperors were superior as the Japanese emperors were for the most part figureheads.Question 7What characteristics of the nomadic peoples made them barbaric to the civilizations of India and China? What characteristics of the nomadic peoples would you consider to be strengths? China and India viewed their nomadic neighbors as barbarians due to what was seen as an overall lack of civilization. Most of the nomadic cultures lacked such civilizing characteristics as a large and detailed government system, with most using a system that was very feudal in nature, chieftains owing fealty to greater warlords. They also lacked what were seen as other civilizing characteristics, such as advanced agriculture with humankind works projects like canals to support it. Another major factor was that of religion. China and India had very sophisticated spectral belief systems, as opposed to the less developed beliefs of the various nomadic groups around them. As has been seen end-to-end history in all parts of the world, religion is commonly used as a barometer to suppose the level of civilization of a culture, such as in Europe where Christians viewed non-Christians are barbarians.Based on this barometer, the Chinese and Indian cultures viewed others with simpler belief structures as not being as advanced spiritually and philosophically. Finally, many of the neighboring nomadic cultures had not developed a fully-functional form of written language, often borrowing from Chinese writing. And yet despite these disadvantages, nomadic cultures such as the Mongols would end up conquering the great school empires. Their active tribal lifestyle bred them as warriors, not farmers. Their lifestyle also led them to be superior horsemen, which proved yet another advantage in warfare. Their people were hardy, used to living without luxury, and well-suited to conducting long campaigns. These cultures that were disregard as barbaric would end up proving mightier than expected.Question 8When did the Mughal dynasty rule India. What achievements occurred during this dynasty? What led to the decline of Mughal rule in India? The Mughal dynasty began in 1504 when Babur of the Timurids conquered Kabul. His force was a Muslim army of Mongols and other more local peoples (such as Afghans and Persians). This and the following decades of consolidation of power with battles fought against smaller regional powers established the Mughal dynasty, and brought Islam to the front in the Indian subcontinent. Of note, though, is that the Mughals exercised a religious tolerance rarely seen in the time period. Though Islam was the primary religion throughout most of the dynasty, Hindus and other religions were rarely persecuted. The reign of Akar from 1556-1605 brought about the most dramatic change of all, with a policy of occupy attempts at reconciliation with Hindus, promoting the m to high government office and abolishing the poll tax on non-Muslims. Another major and lasting achievement of the Mughals was their architecture. They were renowned for massive construction projects, including large fortress-palaces such as the monstrous crimson Fort in Dehli. There is also the Taj Mahal, perhaps the most famous lasting architectural sample, make in Agra and completed in 1648. The decline of the Mughal empire was a long process. The reign of the last of the strong Mughal emperors, Aurangzeb from 1658 to 1707, saw the empire hold together but the decay had begun and his policies, while temporarily effective, added to the long-term problems. Wars demonstrate Mughal military might, but drained the treasury and new anti-Hindu policies led to resentment and rebellion at home and class struggle (Habib, 2001). This led the way to foreign invasion from the neighboring Marathas, Persians, and Afghans, eating away at the empire until the commonly accepted date of the em pires final ruler Bahadur Shah Zafar who was exiled in 1857.Question 9Ironically, while Europeans later fought wars over control of the sea routes in the Asian region, China dilapidated its dominant position. Why did the Ming court decide to end the maritime voyages of Zheng He just as China reached domination of the Asian seas? Was this a poor decision or one that strengthened China? Please explain. There were multiple factors that seem to be present in the Mings decision to suspend Zheng Hes voyages. Zheng He did most of his exploring during the time of the Yongle Emperor, and when he died in 1424 his successors seemed to view Zheng Hes growth influence at court as a threat. Curbing his travels that made him famous would be a good way to reduce his influence. Cost was also a major factor, as China became entangled in conflict with its Mongolian neighbors to the north. Having been once conquered by the Mongolians, the Ming court took this threat very seriously, and devoted every effort to protecting their borders and resisting the Mongols. Zheng Hes expedition fleet was massive, and the cost of the journeys was thus immense, as he went as an emissary and explorer rather than a trader. His journeys did not result in wealth burbly into Chinese coffers as did that of the European explorers from the colonies they founded and trade routes they started. The Ming needed their resources to fight the Mongols, and thus cut back in other areas, such as these naval expeditions in order to meet the Mongol threat. It is difficult to say whether this was a wise decision or not in retrospect. The money saved on naval excursions surely assisted the Ming in their mostly successful efforts to resist the Mongols, culminating in the expansion of the Great environ of China. Perhaps if Zheng Hes costly voyages had continued, the resources would not have been available to hold off the Mongols. And yet there was a cost, which is that when the European nations began arriving in fo rce, the Chinese were not able to resist them. Overall I would say the decision was wise, in facing the immediate threat rather than a potential and weak future threat that might never materialize.Question 10Who founded the Ming Dynasty and what were main characteristics of rule during this period? What were the major achievements of the Ming Dynasty? What is meant by saying that the sprouts of capitalism can be found in the Ming Dynasty? The Ming dynasty was founded in 1368 by Zhu Yuanzhang, a man of peasant birth and monastery education who was one of the leaders of a series of revolts that destroyed the Yuan dynasty. Upon ascending to the position of emperor, he took the name Hongwu. Some major traits of Ming rule were favor given to the poor, a strong military, a strong internal focus, and the replacement of the prime minister post with that of the Grand secretary. The Ming period was a good one for the peasantry. Hongwu seemed to favor the poor, and gave land to peasants to fa rm. Peasants who moved to and farmed unused land could claim it as their own and be free from taxation on it. This led to an agricultural class much like that to be found later in America, with free citizens owning and cultivating land rather than a feudal serf system. The early Ming favored agriculture over trade, and would eventually forbid oceangoing trade ships from leaving China. patronage this, trade flourished due to other factors, such as the introduction of silver to the economy which established coin and limited barter. Another major achievement of the Ming dynasty was its refinement of the Chinese legal code. The laws were designed to be fine and understandable, so that they could not be taken advantage of by the upper class. Capitalism in China flourished during the Ming period. The empire was stable politically, the lower class more prosperous than ever before. Owning their own land meant that they received the benefits from their work rather than owing most of the f ruits of their labor to a leige. This was the beginning of a free market, and feature with increased trade, Chinese citizens were rewarded for their hard work and this encouraged them to do well.BibliographyHabib, I. (2001). The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1526-1707. Oxford Oxford University Press.Hartwell, R. (1962). A Revolution in the Chinese Iron and Coal Industries During the Northern Sung, 960-1126 A.D. The Journal of Asian Studies , 21 (2), pp. 153-162.Howe, C. (1999). The Origins of Japanese heap Supremacy. Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War. Chicago The University of Chicago Press.Maddison, A. (2006). The World Economy Volume 1 A Millennial Perspective and Volume 2 Historical Statistics. Paris Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Saunders, J. J. (2001). bill of the Mongol Conquests. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press.